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J\2.S2A 


PATRICK 


OF 

TRACY  JACKSON. 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/memoirofpatrickt00lowe_0 


MEMOIR 


of 


PATRICK  TRACY  JACKSON. 


WRITTEN  FOR  THE  MERCHANTS  MAGAZINE  AND  COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


By  JOHN  A.  LOWELL,  Esq, 


NEW  YORK : 

PRESS  OF  HUNT’S  MERCHANTS’  MAGAZINE. 


1848. 


r 


MEMOIR 


OF 


PATRICK  TRACY  JACKSON. 


in 

^ The  rapid  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  United  States, 
within  the  last  half  century;  the  material,  intellectual,  and,  in  some  points 
£5 of  view,  the  moral  progress  witnessed  throughout  our  land,  have  attracted 
■5the  attention  of  the  philosophers  of  Europe,  and  given  rise  to  many  in- 
genious, and  some  profound  disquisitions.  The  nature  of  our  institutions 
has  been  differently  viewed,  according  to  the  partiality  of  the  observers. 
With  some,  what  was  admitted  to  be  good,  has  been  attributed  to  a 
happy  chance  ; while  a great  preponderance  of  evil,  inseparable  from  re- 
publican institutions,  has  been  supposed  to  be  lurking  in  the  back-ground, 
^ieady,  at  some  not  very  distant  day,  to  neutralize  or  overpower  all  these 
£ apparent  advantages.  With  others,  the  inherent  energy  of  free  institutions 
j has  been  the  assumed  explanation  of  all  that  was  admirable  in  our  pro- 
L>;  gress,  and  a future  of  still  increasing  prosperity  fondly  predicted. 

To  those  of  us  who  are  accustomed  to  regard  man  less  as  a mere  ma- 
v chine,  the  plaything  of  external  circumstances ; who  view  him  as  a being 
■^of  strong  powers  and  high  responsibilities,  the  solution  will  be  different. 
| We  shall  recur  to  the  history  of  New  England,  and  trace,  in  the  stern 
^ energy  of  the  virtues  of  its  founders,  the  cause,  at  once,  of  our  institutions 
to  and  of  our  success. 

^ Not  all  the  constitutions  of  the  Abbe  Sieyes,  could  inspire  the  French 
; people  with  a love  of  genuine  liberty.  The  degraded  descendants  of  the 
' heroic  Spaniards  will  crouch  under  military  despotism,  or  bow  to  a foreign 
) invader,  in  spite  of  the  best-worded  “ pronunciamientos”  of  a Santa  Anna, 
or  a Bolivar. 

These  views,  confirmed  by  all  history,  are  full  of  hope,  and  of  warning — 
of  hope,  in  the  future  destiny  of  our  race,  depending,  as  it  thus  does, 
^ on  our  own  moral  and  intellectual  exertions,  and  not  on  the  varying  phases 


4 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 


of  external  condition  ; — of  warning,  that  we  do  not,  in  blind  reliance  upon 
the  advantages  of  our  position,  relax  our  vigilance  and  our  efforts. 

In  this  point  of  view,  we  may  contemplate,  with  advantage,  the  personal 
history  of  those  men,  who,  by  their  talents,  their  high  standard  of  honor, 
their  unwearied  industry,  have  contributed  to  the  material  prosperity  of 
our  country  in  their  own  time,  and  have  pointed  out  to  those  who  came  after 
them  that  the  true  path  to  success  lies  in  an  undeviating  adherence  to  the 
purest  and  noblest  principles  of  action. 

These  reflections  are  immediately  suggested  by  the  recent  loss  of  one 
among  us,  who,  in  an  eminent  degree,  united  all  these  qualities.  To  a 
Bostonian,  it  will  hardly  be  necessary  to  say  that  I refer  to  Patrick  T. 
Jackson  ; so  associated  is  his  very  name  with  public  enterprise,  purity  of 
purpose,  vigor  of  resolution,  and  kindliness  of  feeling.  To  those  who 
have  not  enjoyed  with  us  the  privilege  of  his  society  and  his  example,  a 
short  account  of  his  personal  history  may  not  be  unacceptable. 

Patrick  Tracy  Jackson  was  born  at  Newbury  port,  on  the  14th  of  Au- 
gust, 1780.  He  was  the  youngest  son  of  the  Hon.  Jonathan  Jackson,  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  in  1782,  Marshal  of  the  District  of 
Massachusetts  under  Washington,  first  Inspector,  and  afterwards  Super- 
visor of  the  Internal  Revenue,  Treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth  for  five 
years,  and,  at  the  period  of  his  death,  Treasurer  of  Harvard  College  ; a 
man  distinguished  among  the  old-fashioned  gentlemen  of  that  day,  for  the 
dignity  and  grace  of  his  deportment,  but  much  more  so  for  his  intelligence, 
and  the  fearless,  almost  Roman  inflexibility  of  his  principles. 

His  maternal  grandfather,  from  whom  he  derived  his  name,  was  Patrick 
Tracy,  an  opulent  merchant  of  Newburyport — an  Irishman  by  birth,  who, 
coming  to  this  country  at  an  early  age,  poor  and  friendless,  had  raised 
himself,  by  his  own  exertions,  to  a position  which  his  character,  univer- 
sally esteemed  by  his  fellow-citizens,  enabled  him  adequately  to  sustain. 

The  subject  of  this  memoir  received  his  early  education  at  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  town,  and  afterwards  at  Dummer  Academy.  When 
about  fifteen  years  old,  he  was  apprenticed  to  the  late  William  Bartlett, 
then  the  most  enterprising  and  richest  merchant  of  Newburyport;  and 
since  well  known  for  his  munificent  endowment  of  the  institution  at  An- 
dover. In  this  new  position,  which,  with  the  aristocratic  notions  of  that 
day,  might  have  been  regarded  by  some  youth  as  derogatory,  young  Pat- 
rick took  especial  pains  to  [trove  to  his  master  that  he  had  not  been  edu- 
cated to  view  anything  as  disgraceful  which  it  was  his  duty  to  do.  He 
took  pride  in  throwing  himself  into  the  midst  of  the  labor  and  responsi- 
bility of  the  business.  In  so  doing,  he  gratified  a love  of  activity  and 
usefulness,  which  belonged  to  his  character,  at  the  same  tim  e that  he 
satisfied  his  sense  of  duty.  And  yet,  while  thus  ready  to  work,  he  did  not 
lose  his  keen  relish  for  the  enjoyments  of  youth  ; and  would  often,  after  a 
day  of  intense  bodily  labor,  be  foremost  in  the  amusements  of  the  social 
circle  in  the  evening. 

He  soon  secured  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Mr.  Bartlett,  who  en- 
trusted to  him,  when  under  twenty  years  of  age,  a cargo  of  merchandise 
for  St.  Thomas,  with  authority  to  take  the  command  of  the  vessel  from 
the  captain,  if  he  should  see  occasion. 

After  his  return  from  this  voyage,  which  he  successfully  conducted,  an 
opportunity  offered  for  a more  extended  enterprise.  His  brother,  Captain 
Henry  Jackson,  who  was  about  six  years  older  than  himself,  and  to  w hom 


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Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 

he  was  warmly  attached,  was  on  the  point  of  sailing  for  Madras  and  Cal- 
cutta, and  offered  to  take  Patrick  with  him  as  captain’s  clerk.  The  offer 
was  a tempting  one.  It  would  open  to  him  a branch  of  commerce  in 
which  his  master,  Bartlett,  had  not  been  engaged,  but  which  was,  at  that 
time,  one  of  great  profit  to  the  enterprising  merchants  of  this  country. 
The  English  government  then  found  it  for  their  interest  to  give  us  great 
advantages  in  the  Bengal  trade  ; while  our  neutral  position,  during  the 
long  wars  of  the  French  revolution,  enabled  us  to  monopolize  the  business 
of  supplying  the  continent  of  Europe  with  the  cotton  and  other  products 
of  British  India.  An  obstacle,  however,  interposed — our  young  apprentice 
was  not  of  age;  and  the  indentures  gave  to  his  master  the  use  of  his  ser- 
vices till  that  period  should  be  completed.  With  great  liberality,  Mr. 
Bartlett,  on  being  informed  of  the  circumstances,  relinquished  his  claim. 

It  was  very  nearly  the  first  day  of  the  present  century,  when  Mr.  Jack- 
son  commenced  his  career  as  a free  man.  Already  familiar  with  many 
things  pertaining  to  a sea  life,  he  occupied  his  time  on  board  ship  in  ac- 
quiring a knowledge  of  navigation,  and  of  seamanship.  His  brother,  who 
delighted  in  his  profession,  and  was  a man  of  warm  and  generous  affec- 
tions, was  well  qualified  and  ready  to  instruct  him.  These  studies,  with 
his  previous  mercantile  experience,  justified  him,  on  his  return  from  India, 
in  offering  to  take  charge  of  a ship  and  cargo  in  the  same  trade.  This 
he  did,  with  complete  success,  for  three  successive  voyages,  and  established 
his  reputation  for  enterprise  and  correctness  in  business. 

On  the  last  of  these  occasions,  he  happened  to  be  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  when  that  place  was  taken  from  the  Dutch  by  the  English,  under 
Sir  David  Baird,  in  January,  1806.  This  circumstance  caused  a derange- 
ment in  his  mercantile  operations,  involving  a detention  of  about  a year, 
at  the  Cape,  and  leading  him  subsequently  to  embark  in  some  new  adven- 
tures ; and  he  did  not  reach  home  until  1808,  after  an  absence  of  four 
years. 

Having  now  established  his  reputation,  and  acquired  some  capital,  he 
relinquished  the  sea,  and  entered  into  commercial  pursuits  at  Boston.  His 
long  acquaintance  with  the  India  trade  eminently  fitted  him  for  that 
branch  of  business  ; and  he  had  the  support  and  invaluable  counsels  of 
his  brother-in-law,  the  late  Francis  C.  Lowell.  He  entered  largely  into 
this  business,  both  as  an  importer  and  speculator.  The  same  remarkable 
union  of  boldness  and  sound  judgment,  which  characterized  him  in  later 
days,  contributed  to  his  success,  and  his  credit  soon  became  unbounded. 
In  1811,  at  a moment  when  his  engagements  were  very  large,  and  when 
the  state  of  the  country  was  such,  in  its  foreign  relations,  as  to  call  for  the 
greatest  circumspection,  a sudden  check  was  given  to  his  credit  by  the 
failure  of  a house  in  the  same  branch  of  business,  with  whom  he  was 
known  to  be  extensively  connected.  His  creditors  became  alarmed,  and 
there  were  not  wanting  those  who  said  that  he  ought  instantly  to  fail. 
Mr.  Jackson  acted,  under  this  emergency,  with  his  usual  promptness  and 
resolution.  Fie  called  upon  some  of  his  principal  creditors,  made  a most 
lucid  exposition  of  the  state  of  his  affairs,  and  showed  that,  if  allowed  to 
manage  them  in  his  own  way,  his  means  were  abundantly  sufficient ; 
while,  so  great  was  the  amount  of  his  liabilities,  that,  under  the  charge  of 
assignees,  not  only  might  all  his  hard  earnings  be  swept  away,  but  the 
creditors  themselves  be  the  sufferers.  So  admirably  had  his  accounts 
been  kept,  and  so  completely  did  he  show  himself  to  be  master  of  his 


6 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson . 


business,  that  the  appeal  was  irresistible.  He  was  allowed  to  go  on  un- 
molested, and  the  event  justified  the  confidence  reposed  in  him.  One  of 
his  largest  creditors,  the  late  William  Pratt,  Esq.,  was  so  pleased  with  his 
deportment  on  this  occasion,  that  he  not  only  cheerfully  acquiesced  in  the 
decision,  but  offered  him  any  pecuniary  aid  he  might  require.  This  was 
no  trifling  proof  of  confidence,  when  the  amount  of  his  liabilities,  com- 
pared to  his  capital,  at  this  dark  and  troublesome  period,  is  taken  into 
view.  In  the  end,  he  gained  reputation  and  public  confidence  by  the 
circumstances  that  had  threatened  to  destroy  them.  Within  a year,  all 
the  embarrassments  that  had  menaced  him  had  passed  away,  and  he  con- 
tinued largely  engaged  in  the  India  and  Havana  trades,  till  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  in  1812.  At  this  period,  circumstances  led  him  into  anew 
branch  of  business,  which  influenced  his  whole  future  life. 

Mr.  Lowell  had  just  returned  to  this  country,  after  a long  visit  to  Eng- 
land and  Scotland.  While  abroad,  he  had  conceived  the  idea  that  the 
cotton  manufacture,  then  almost  monopolized  by  Great  Britain,  might  be 
advantageously  prosecuted  here.  The  use  of  machinery  was  daily  super- 
seding the  former  manual  operations  ; and  it  was  known  that  power-looms 
had  recently  been  introduced,  though  the  mode  of  constructing  them  was 
kept  secret.  The  cheapness  of  labor,  and  abundance  of  capital,  were 
advantages  in  favor  of  the  English  manufacturer — they  had  skill  and  rep- 
utation. On  the  other  hand,  they  were  burthened  with  the  taxes  of  a 
prolonged  war.  We  could  obtain  the  raw  material  cheaper,  and  had  a 
great  superiority  in  the  abundant  water-power,  then  unemployed,  in  every 
part  of  New  England.  It  was  also  the  belief  of  Mr.  Lowell,  that  the 
character  of  our  population,  educated,  moral  and  enterprising  as  it  then 
was,  could  not  fail  to  secure  success,  when  brought  into  competition  with 
their  European  rivals  ; and  it  is  no  small  evidence  of  the  far-reaching 
views  of  this  extraordinary  man,  and  his  early  colleagues,  that  their  very 
first  measures  were  such  as  should  secure  that  attention  to  education  and 
morals  among  the  manufacturing  population,  which  they  believed  to  be 
the  corner-stone  of  any  permanent  success. 

Impressed  with  these  views,  Mr.  Lowell  determined  to  bring  them  to 
the  test  of  experiment.  So  confident  was  he  in  his  calculations,  that  he 
thought  he  could  in  no  way  so  effectually  assist  the  fortunes  of  his  relative, 
Mr.  Jackson,  as  by  offering  him  a share  in  the  enterprise.  Great  were 
the  difficulties  that  beset  the  new  undertaking.  The  state  of  war  pre- 
vented  any  communication  with  England.  Not  even  books  and  designs, 
much  less  models,  could  be  procured.  The  structure  of  the  machinery, 
the  materials  to  be  used  in  the  construction,  the  very  tools  of  the  machine- 
shop,  the  arrangement  of  the  mill,  and  the  size  of  its  various  apartments — 
all  these  were  to  be,  as  it  were,  re-invented.  But  Mr.  Jackson’s  was 
not  a spirit  to  be  appalled  by  obstacles.  He  entered  at  once  into  the 
project,  and  devoted  to  it,  from  that  moment,  all  the  time  that  could  be 
spared  from  his  mercantile  pursuits. 

The  first  object  to  be  accomplished,  was  to  procure  a power-loom.  To 
obtain  one  from  England,  was,  of  course,  impracticable ; and,  although 
there  were  many  patents  for  such  machines  in  our  Patent  Office,  not  one 
had  yet  exhibited  sufficient  merit  to  be  adopted  into  use.  Under  these 
circumstances,  but  one  resource  remained — to  invent  one  themselves  ; 
and  this,  these  earnest  men  at  once  set  about.  Unacquainted  as  they  were 
with  machinery,  in  practice,  they  dared,  nevertheless,  to  attempt  the  solu- 


7 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 

tion  of  a problem,  that  had  baffled  the  most  ingenious  mechanicians.  In 
England,  the  power-loom  had  been  invented  by  a clergyman,  and  why 
not  here  by  a merchant?  After  numerous  experiments  and  failures,  they 
at  last  succeeded,  in  the  autumn  of  1812,  in  producing  a model  which 
they  thought  so  well  of,  as  to  be  willing  to  make  preparations  for  putting 
up  a mill,  for  the  weaving  of  cotton  cloth.  It  was  now  necessary  to  pro- 
cure the  assistance  of  a practical  mechanic,  to  aid  in  the  construction  of 
the  machinery;  and  the  friends  had  the  good  fortune  to  secure  the  ser- 
vices of  Mr.  Paul  Moody,  afterwards  so  well  known  as  the  head  of  the 
machine-shop  at  Lowell. 

They  found,  as  might  naturally  be  expected,  many  defects  in  their  model 
loom  ; but  these  were  gradually  remedied.  The  project  hitherto  had  been 
exclusively  for  a weaving-mill,  to  do  by  power  what  had  before  been  done 
by  hand-looms.  But  it  was  ascertained,  on  inquiry,  that  it  would  be  more 
economical  to  spin  the  twist,  rather  than  to  buy  it ; and  they  put  up  a mill 
for  about  1,700  spindles,  which  was  completed  late  in  1813.  It  will  prob- 
ably  strike  the  reader  with  some  astonishment  to  be  told  that  this  mill, 
still  in  operation  at  Waltham,  was  probably  the  first  one  in  the  world 
that  combined  all  the  operations  necessary  for  converting  the  raw  cotton 
into  finished  cloth.  Such,  however,  is  the  fact,  as  far  as  we  are  informed 
on  the  subject.  The  mills  in  this  country — Slater’s,  for  example,  in  Rhode 
Island — were  spinning-mills,  only;  and  in  England,  though  the  power-loom 
had  been  introduced,  it  was  used  in  separate  establishments,  by  persons 
who  bought,  as  the  hand-weavers  had  always  done,  their  twist  of  the 
spinners. 

Great  difficulty  was  at  first  experienced  at  Waltham,  for  the  want  of  a 
proper  preparation  (sizing)  of  the  warps.  They  procured  from  England 
a drawing  of  Horrock’s  dressing  machine,  which,  with  some  essential 
improvements,  they  adopted,  producing  the  dresser  now  in  use  at  Lowell, 
and  elsewhere.  No  method  was,  however,  indicated  in  this  drawing  for 
winding  the  threads  from  the  bobbins  on  to  the  beam  ; and,  to  supply  this 
deficiency,  Mr.  Moody  invented  the  very  ingenious  machine  called  the 
warper.  Having  obtained  these,  there  wTas  no  further  difficulty  in  weav- 
ing by  power-looms. 

There  was  still  great  deficiency  in  the  preparation  for  spinning.  They 
had  obtained  from  England  a description  of  what  was  then  called  a bobbin 
and  fly,  or  jack-frame,  for  spinning  roving;  from  this,  Mr.  Moody  and 
Mr.  Lowell  produced  our  present  double  speeder.  The  motions  of  this 
machine  were  very  complicated,  and  required  nice  mathematical  calcula- 
tions. Without  them,  Mr.  Moody’s  ingenuity,  great  as  it  was,  would  have 
been  at  fault.  These  were  supplied  by  Mr.  Lowell.  Many  years  after- 
wards,  and  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Lowell,  when  the  patent  for  the  speeder 
had  been  infringed,  the  late  Dr.  Bowditch  was  requested  to  examine  them, 
that  he  might  appear  as  a witness  at  the  trial.  He  expressed  to  Mr.  Jack- 
son  his  admiration  of  the  mathematical  power  they  evinced ; adding,  that 
there  were  some  corrections  introduced  that  he  had  not  supposed  any  man 
in  America  familiar  with  but  himself. 

There  was  also  great  waste  and  expense  in  winding  the  thread  for  fill- 
ing or  weft  from  the  bobbin  on  to  the  quills,  for  the  shuttle.  To  obviate 
this,  Mr.  Moody  invented  the  machine  known  here  as  the  filling-throstle. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  this  rapid  sketch,  how  much  there  was  at  this  early 
period  to  be  done,  and  how  well  it  was  accomplished.  The  machines 


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Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 

introduced  then,  are  those  still  in  use  in  New  England — brought,  of  course? 
to  greater  perfection  in  detail,  and  attaining  a much  higher  rate  of  speed  ; 
but  still  substantially  the  same. 

Associating  with  themselves  some  of  the  most  intelligent  merchants  of 
Boston,  they  procured,  in  February,  1813,  a charter,  under  the  name  of 
the  Boston  Manufacturing  Company,  with  a capital  of  $100,000.  Suc- 
cess crowned  their  efforts,  and  the  business  was  gradually  extended  to  the 
limit  of  the  capacity  of  their  water-power. 

Mr.  Lowell  died  in  1817,  at  the  age  of  forty-two ; satisfied  that  he  had 
succeeded  in  his  object,  and  that  the  extension  of  the  cotton  manufacture 
would  form  a permanent  basis  of  the  prosperity  of  New  England.  He  had 
been  mainly  instrumental  in  procuring  from  Congress,  in  1816,  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  minimum  duty  on  cotton  cloth  ; an  idea  which  originated 
with  him,  and  one  of  great  value,  not  only  as  affording  a certain  and 
easily  collected  revenue,  but  as  preventing  the  exaction  of  a higher  and 
higher  duty,  just  as  the  advance  in  the  cost  abroad  renders  it  more  difficult 
for  the  consumer  to  procure  his  necessary  supplies. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  Mr.  Lowell  should  have  felt  great  satisfaction 
at  the  result  of  his  labors.  In  the  establishment  of  the  cotton  manufacture, 
in  its  present  form,  he  and  his  early  colleagues  have  done  a service  not 
only  to  New  England,  but  to  the  whole  country,  which,  perhaps,  will  never 
be  fully  appreciated.  Not  by  the  successful  establishment  of  this  branch 
of  industry — that  would  sooner  or  later  have  been  accomplished ; not  by 
any  of  the  present  material  results  that  have  flowed  from  it,  great  as  they 
unquestionably  are  ; but  by  the  introduction  of  a system  which  has  rendered 
our  manufacturing  population  the  wonder  of  the  world.  Elsewhere,  vice 
and  poverty  have  followed  in  the  train  of  manufactures ; an  indissoluble 
bond  of  union  seemed  to  exist  between  them.  Philanthropists  have  prophe- 
sied the  like  result  here,  and  demagogues  have  re-echoed  the  prediction. 
Those  wise  and  patriotic  men,  the  founders  of  Waltham,  foresaw,  and 
guarded  against  the  evil. 

By  the  erection  of  boarding-houses  at  the  expense  and  under  the  control 
of  the  factory ; putting  at  the  head  of  them  matrons  of  tried  character,  and 
allowing  no  boarders  to  be  received  except  the  female  operatives  of  the 
mill ; by  stringent  regulations  for  the  government  of  these  houses  ; by  all 
these  precautions,  they  gained  the  confidence  of  the  rural  population, 
who  were  now  no  longer  afraid  to  trust  their  daughters  in  a manufacturing 
town.  A supply  was  thus  obtained  of  respectable  girls ; and  these,  from 
pride  of  character,  as  well  as  principle,  have  taken  especial  care  to  ex- 
clude all  others.  It  was  soon  found  that  an  apprenticeship  in  a factory 
entailed  no  degradation  of  character,  and  was  no  impediment  to  a reputable 
connection  in  marriage.  A factory-girl  was  no  longer  condemned  to  pur- 
sue that  vocation  for  life  ; she  would  retire,  in  her  turn,  to  assume  the 
higher  and  more  appropriate  responsibilities  of  her  sex  ; and  it  soon  came 
to  be  considered  that  a few  years  in  a mill  were  an  honorable  mode  of 
securing  a dower.  The  business  could  thus  be  conducted  without  any 
permanent  manufacturing  population.  The  operatives  no  longer  form  a 
separate  caste,  pursuing  a sedentary  employment,  from  parent  to  child,  in 
the  heated  rooms  of  a factory ; but  are  recruited,  in  a circulating  current, 
from  the  healthy  and  virtuous  population  of  the  country. 

By  these  means,  and  a careful  selection  of  men  of  principle,  and  purity 
of  life,  as  agents  and  overseers,  a great  moral  good  has  been  obtained. 


9 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson » 

Another  result  has  followed,  which,  if  foreseen,  as  no  doubt  it  was,  does 
great  credit  to  the  sagacity  of  these  remarkable  rnen.  The  class  of  opera- 
tives employed  in  our  mills  have  proved  to  be  as  superior  in  intelligence 
and  efficiency  to  the  degraded  population  elsewhere  employed  in  manu- 
factures, as  they  are  in  morals.  They  are  selected  from  a more  educated 
class — from  among  persons  in  more  easy  circumstances,  where  the  mental 
and  physical  powers  have  met  with  fuller  development.  This  connection 
between  morals  and  intellectual  efficiency,  has  never  been  sufficiently 
studied.  The  result  is  certain,  and  may  be  destined,  in  its  consequences, 
to  decide  the  question  of  our  rivalry  with  England,  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton. 

Although  the  first  suggestions,  and  many  of  the  early  plans  for  the  new 
business,  had  been  furnished,  as  we  have  seen,  by  Mr.  Lowell,  Mr.  Jack- 
son  devoted  the  most  time  and  labor  in  conducting  it.  He  spent  much  of 
his  time,  in  the  early  years,  at  Waltham,  separated  from  his  family.  It 
gradually  engrossed  his  whole  thoughts ; and,  abandoning  his  mercantile 
business,  in  1815,  he  gave  himself  up  to  that  of  the  company. 

At  the  erection  of  each  successive  mill,  many  prudent  men,  even  among 
the  proprietors,  had  feared  that  the  business  would  be  overdone — that  no 
demand  would  be  found  for  such  increased  quantities  of  the  same  fabric. 
Mr.  Jackson,  with  the  spirit  and  sagacity  that  so  eminently  distinguished 
him,  took  a different  view  of  the  matter.  He  not  only  maintained  that 
cotton  cloth  was  so  much  cheaper  than  any  other  material,  that  it  must 
gradually  establish  itself  in  universal  consumption  at  home,  but  entertained 
the  bolder  idea,  that  the  time  would  come,  when  the  improvements  in  ma- 
chinery, and  the  increase  of  skill  and  capital,  would  enable  us  successfully 
to  compete  with  Great  Britain,  in  the  supply  of  foreign  markets.  Whether 
he  ever  anticipated  the  rapidity  and  extent  of  the  developments  which  he 
lived  to  witness,  may  perhaps  be  doubted ; it  is  certain  that  his  expecta- 
tions were,  at  that  time,  thought  visionary,  by  many  of  the  most  sagacious 
of  his  friends. 

Ever  prompt  to  act,  whenever  his  judgment  was  convinced,  he  began, 
as  early  as  1820,  to  look  around  for  some  locality  where  the  business 
might  be  extended,  after  the  limited  capabilities  of  Charles  River  should 
be  exhausted. 

In  1821,  Mr.  Ezra  Worthen,  who  had  formerly  been  a partner  with 
Mr.  Moody,  and  who  had  applied  to  Mr.  Jackson  for  employment,  suggested 
that  the  Pawtucket  Canal,  at  Chelmsford,  would  afford  a fine  location  for 
large  manufacturing  establishments ; and  that  probably  a privilege  might 
be  purchased  of  its  proprietors.  To  Mr.  Jackson’s  mind,  the  hint  sug- 
gested a much  more  stupendous  project — nothing  less  than  to  possess  him- 
self of  the  whole  power  of  the  Merrimack  River,  at  that  place.  Aware  of 
the  necessity  of  secrecy  of  action  to  secure  this  property  at  any  reasonable 
price,  he  undertook  it  single-handed.  It  was  necessary  to  purchase  not 
only  the  stock  in  the  canal,  but  all  the  farms  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
which  controlled  the  water-power,  or  which  might  be  necessary  for  the 
future  extension  of  the  business.  No  long  series  of  years  had  tested  the 
extent  and  profit  of  such  enterprises  ; the  great  capitalists  of  our  land  had  not 
yet  become  converts  to  the  safety  of  such  investments.  Relying  on  his 
own  talent  and  resolution,  without  even  consulting  his  confidential  advisers, 
he  set  about  this  task  at  his  own  individual  risk ; and  it  was  not  until  he 
had  accomplished  all  that  was  material  for  his  purpose,  that  he  offered  a 


10 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 

share  in  the  project  to  a few  of  his  former  colleagues.  Such  was  the  be- 
ginning  of  Lowell — a city  which  he  lived  to  see,  as  it  were,  completed. 
If  all  honor  is  to  be  paid  to  the  enterprise  and  sagacity  of  those  men  who, 
in  our  day,  with  the  advantage  of  great  capital  and  longer  experience,  have 
bid  a new  city  spring  up  from  the  forest  on  the  borders  of  the  same  stream, 
accomplishing  almost  in  a day  what  is  in  the  course  of  nature  the  slow 
growth  of  centuries,  what  shall  we  say  of  the  forecast  and  energy  of  that 
man  who  could  contemplate  and  execute  the  same  gigantic  task  at  that 
early  period,  and  alone  ? 

The  property  thus  purchased,  and  to  which  extensive  additions  were  sub- 
sequently made,  was  offered  to  the  proprietors  of  the  Waltham  Company, 
and  to  other  persons  whom  it  was  thought  desirable  to  interest  in  the  scheme. 
These  offers  were  eagerly  accepted,  and  a new  company  was  established, 
under  the  name  of  the  Merrimack  Manufacturing  Company,  the  immediate 
charge  of  which  was  confided  to  the  late  Kirk  Boott,  Esq. 

Having  succeeded  in  establishing  the  cotton  manufacture  on  a perma- 
nent basis,  and  possessed  of  a fortune,  the  result  of  his  own  exertions, 
quite  adequate  to  his  wants,  Mr.  Jackson  now  thought  of  retiring  from  the 
labor  and  responsibility  of  business.  He  resigned  the  agency  of  the  factory 
at  Waltham,  still  remaining  a director  both  in  that  company  and  the  new 
one  at  Lowell,  and  personally  consulted  on  every  occasion  of  doubt  or 
difficulty.  This  life  of  comparative  leisure  was  not  of  long  duration.  His 
spirit  was  too  active  to  allow  him  to  be  happy  in  retirement.  He  was 
made  for  a working-man,  and  had  long  been  accustomed  to  plan  and  con- 
duct great  enterprises ; the  excitement  was  necessary  for  his  well-being. 
His  spirits  flagged,  his  health  failed  ; till,  satisfied  at  last  that  he  had  mis* 
taken  his  vocation,  he  plunged  once  more  into  the  cares  and  perplexities 
of  business. 

Mr.  Moody  had  recently  introduced  some  important  improvements  in 
machinery,  and  was  satisfied  that  great  saving  might  be  made,  and  a 
higher  rate  of  speed  advantageously  adopted.  Mr.  Jackson  proposed  to 
establish  a company  at  Lowell,  to  be  called  the  Appleton  Company,  and 
adopt  the  new  machinery.  The  stock  was  soon  subscribed  for,  and  Mr. 
Jackson  appointed  the  treasurer  and  agent.  Two  large  mills  were  built, 
and  conducted  by  him  for  several  years,  till  success  had  fully  justified  his 
anticipations.  Meanwhile,  his  presence  at  Lowell  was  of  great  advantage 
to  the  new  city.  All  men  there,  as  among  the  stockholders  in  Boston, 
looked  up  to  him  as  the  founder  and  guardian  genius  of  the  place,  and 
were  ready  to  receive  from  him  advice  or  rebuke,  and  to  refer  to  him  all 
questions  of  doubt  or  controversy.  As  new  companies  were  formed,  and 
claims  became  conflicting,  the  advantages  became  more  apparent  of  hav- 
ing a man  of  such  sound  judgment,  impartial  integrity,  and  nice  discrim- 
ination, to  appeal  to,  and  who  occupied  a historical  position  to  which  no 
one  else  could  pretend. 

In  1830,  the  interests  of  Lowell  induced  Mr.  Jackson  to  enter  into  a 
business  new  to  himself  and  others.  This  was  the  building  of  the  Boston 
and  Lowell  Railroad.  For  some  years,  the  practicability  of  constructing 
roads  in  which  the  friction  should  be  materially  lessened  by  laying  down 
iron  bars,  or  trams,  had  engaged  the  attention  of  practical  engineers  in 
England.  At  first,  it  was  contemplated  that  the  service  of  such  roads 
should  be  performed  by  horses  ; and  it  was  not  until  the  brilliant  experi- 
ments of  Mr.  Stephenson,  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railroad,  that 


11 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson . 

the  possibility  of  using  locomotive  engines  was  fully  established.  It  will 
be  well  remembered  that  all  the  first  estimates  for  railroads  in  this  country 
were  based  upon  a road-track  adapted  to  horse-power,  and  horses  were 
actually  used  on  all  the  earlier  roads.  The  necessity  of  a better  com- 
munication between  Boston  and  Lowell  had  been  the  subject  of  frequent 
conversation  between  Mr.  Boott  and  Mr.  Jackson.  Estimates  had  been 
made,  and  a line  surveyed  fora  Macadamized  road.  The  travel  between 
the  two  places  was  rapidly  increasing ; and  the  transportation  of  mer- 
chandise, slowly  performed  in  summer  by  the  Middlesex  Canal,  was  done 
at  great  cost,  and  over  bad  roads,  in  Winter,  by  wagons. 

At  this  moment,  the  success  of  Mr.  Stephenson’s  experiments  decided 
Mr.  Jackson.  He  saw,  at  once,  the  prodigious  revolution  that  the  intro- 
duction of  steam  would  make  in  the  business  of  internal  communication. 
Men  were,  as  yet,  incredulous.  The  cost  and  the  danger  attending  the 
use  of  the  new  machines,  were  exaggerated;  and  even  if  feasible  in 
England,  with  a city  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  souls  at  each  of 
the  termini,  such  a project,  it  was  argued,  was  Quixotical  here,  with  our 
more  limited  means  and  sparser  population.  Mr.  Jackson  took  a different 
view  of  the  matter ; and  when,  after  much  delay  and  difficulty,  the  stock 
of  the  road  was  subscribed  for,  he  undertook  to  superintend  its  construc- 
tion, with  the  especial  object  that  it  might  be  in  every  way  adapted  to  the 
use  of  steam-power,  and  to  that  increase  of  travel  and  transportation  which 
few  had,  like  him,  the  sagacity  to  anticipate. 

Mr.  Jackson  was  not  an  engineer;  but  full  of  confidence  in  his  own 
energy,  and  in  the  power  he  always  possessed  of  eliciting  and  directing 
the  talent  of  others,  he  entered  on  the  task,  so  new  to  every  one  in  this 
country,  with  the  same  boldness  that  he  had  evinced  twenty  years  before, 
in  the  erection  of  the  first  weaving-mill. 

The  moment  was  an  anxious  one.  He  was  not  accustomed  to  waste 
time  in  any  of  his  undertakings.  The  public  looked  with  eagerness  for 
the  road,  and  he  was  anxious  to  begin  and  to  finish  it.  But  he  was  too 
wise  a man  to  allow  his  own  impatience,  or  that  of  others,  to  hurry  him 
into  action  before  his  plans  should  be  maturely  digested.  There  were, 
indeed,  many  points  to  be  attended  to,  and  many  preliminary  steps  to  be 
taken.  A charter  was  to  be  obtained,  and,  as  yet,  no  charter  for  a rail- 
road had  been  granted  in  New  England.  The  terms  of  the  charter,  and 
its  conditions,  were  to  be  carefully  considered.  The  experiment  was 
deemed  to  be  so  desirable,  and,  at  the  same  time,  so  hazardous,  that  the 
legislature  wd’re  prepared  to  grant  almost  any  terms  that  should  be  asked 
for.  Mr.  Jackson,  on  the  other  hand,  whose  faith  in  the  success  of  the 
new  mode  of  locomotion  never  faltered,  was  not  disposed  to  ask  for  any 
privileges  that  would  not  be  deemed  moderate  after  the  fullest  success  had 
been  obtained  ; at  the  same  time,  the  recent  example  of  the  Charles  River 
Bridge  showed  the  necessity  of  guarding,  by  careful  provisions,  the  char- 
tered rights  of  the  stockholders. 

With  respect  to  the  road  itself,  nearly  everything  was  to  be  learned. 
Mr.  Jackson  established  a correspondence  with  the  most  distinguished 
engineers  of  this  country,  and  of  Europe  ; and  it  was  not  until  he  had 
deliberately  and  satisfactorily  solved  all  the  doubts  that  arose  in  his  own 
mind,  or  were  suggested  by  others,  that  he  would  allow  any  step  to  be 
decided  on.  In  this  way,  although  more  time  was  consumed  than  on  other 
roads,  a more  satisfactory  result  was  obtained.  The  road  was  graded  for 


12 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 

a double  track ; the  grades  reduced  to  a level  of  ten  feet  to  the  mile  ; all 
curves,  but  those  of  very  large  radius,  avoided  ; and  every  part  constructed 
with  a degree  of  strength  nowhere  else,  at  that  time,  considered  necessary. 
A distinguished  foreigner,  Mr.  Charles  Chevalier,  has  spoken  of  the  work 
on  this  road  as  truly  “ Cyclopean.”  Every  measure  adopted,  shows  con- 
clusively how  clearly  Mr.  Jackson  foresaw  the  extension  and  capabilities 
of  the  railroad. 

It  required  no  small  degree  of  moral  firmness  to  conceive  and  carry  out 
these  plans.  Few  persons  realized  the  difficulties  of  the  undertaking,  or 
the  magnitude  of  the  results.  The  shareholders  were  restless  under  in- 
creased assessments,  and  delayed  income.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
no  one  but  Mr.  Jackson  in  Boston  could,  at  that  time,  have  commanded 
the  confidence  necessary  to  enable  him  to  pursue  his  work  so  deliberately 
and  so  thoroughly. 

The  road  was  opened  for  travel  in  1835,  and  experience  soon  justified 
the  wisdom  of  his  anticipations.  Its  completion  and  successful  operation 
was  a great  relief  to  Mr.  Jackson.  For  several  years  it  had  engrossed 
his  time  and  attention,  and  at  times  deprived  him  of  sleep.  He  felt  it  to 
be  a public  trust,  the  responsibility  of  which  was  of  a nature  quite  differ- 
ent from  that  which  had  attended  his  previous  enterprises. 

One  difficulty  that  he  had  encountered  in  the  prosecution  of  this  work 
led  him  into  a new  undertaking,  the  completion  of  which  occupied  him  a 
year  or  two  longer.  He  felt  the  great  advantage  of  making  the  terminus 
of  the  road  in  Boston,  and  not,  as  was  done  in  other  instances,  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river.  The  obstacles  appeared,  at  first  sight,  insurmount- 
able. No  land  was  to  be  procured  in  that  densely  populated  part  of  the 
city  except  at  very  high  prices  ; and  it  was  not  then  the  public  policy  to 
allow  the  passage  of  trains  through  the  streets.  A mere  site  for  a 
passenger  depot  could,  indeed,  be  obtained  ; and  this  seemed,  to  most  per- 
sons, all  that  was  essential.  Such  narrow  policy  did  not  suit  Mr.  Jack- 
son’s anticipations.  It  occurred  to  him  that,  by  an  extensive  purchase  of 
the  flats,  then  unoccupied,  the  object  might  be  obtained.  The  excava- 
tions  making  by  the  railroad  at  Winter  Hill,  and  elsewhere,  within  a few 
miles  of  Boston,  much  exceeded  the  embankments,  and  would  supply  the 
gravel  necessary  to  fill  up  these  flats.  Such  a speculation  not  being 
within  the  powers  of  the  corporation,  a new  company  was  created  for  the 
purpose.  The  land  was  made,  to  the  extent  of  about  ten  acres  ; and  what 
was  not  needed  for  depots,  was  sold  at  advantageous  prices.  Ii  has  since 
been  found  that  even  the  large  provision  made  by  Mr.  Jaokson  is  inade- 
quate to  the  daily  increasing  business  of  the  railroad. 

Mr.  Jackson  was  now  fifty-seven  years  of  age.  Released  once  more 
from  his  engagements,  he  might  rationally  look  forward  to  a life  of  dig- 
nified retirement,  in  which  he  would  be  followed  by  the  respect  of  the 
community,  and  the  gratitude  of  the  many  families  that  owed  their  well- 
being to  his  exertions.  But  a cloud  had  come  over  his  private  fortunes. 
While  laboring  for  others,  he  had  allowed  himself  to  be  involved  in  some 
speculations,  to  which  he  had  not  leisure  to  devote  his  personal  attention. 
The  unfortunate  issue  of  these,  deprived  him  of  a large  portion  of  his 
property. 

Uniformly  prosperous  hitherto,  the  touchstone  of  adversity  was  wanting 
to  elicit,  perhaps  even  to  create,  some  of  the  most  admirable  points  in  his 
character.  He  had  long  been  affluent,  and  with  his  generous  and  hos- 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson. 


13 


pitable  feelings,  had  adopted  a style  of  living  fully  commensurate  with  his 
position.  The  cheerful  dignity  with  which  he  met  his  reverses;  the 
promptness  with  which  he  accommodated  his  expenses  to  his  altered  cir- 
cumstances ; and  the  almost  youthful  alacrity  with  which  he  once  more 
put  on  the  harness,  were  themes  of  daily  comment  to  his  friends,  and 
afforded  to  the  world  an  example  of  the  truest  philosophy.  He  had  al- 
ways been  highly  respected  ; the  respect  was  now  more  blended  with  love 
and  veneration. 

The  death  of  his  friend,  Mr.  Boott,  in  the  spring  of  1837,  had  proved  a 
severe  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  Lowell.  At  the  head  of  that  company, 
(the  proprietors  of  the  Locks  and  Canals,)  which  controlled  the  land  and 
water-power,  and  manufactured  all  the  machinery  used  in  the  mills,  the 
position  he  had  occupied  led  him  into  daily  intercourse  with  the  managers 
of  the  several  companies.  The  supervision  he  had  exercised,  and  the  in- 
fluence  of  his  example,  had  been  felt  in  all  the  ramifications  of  the  com- 
plicated business  of  the  place.  Even  where  no  tangible  evidence  existed 
of  benefits  specifically  conferred,  men  were  not  slow  to  find  out,  after  his 
death,  that  a change  had  come  over  the  whole.  The  Locks  and  Canals 
Company  being  under  his  immediate  charge,  was,  of  course,  the  first  to 
suffer.  Their  property  rapidly  declined,  both  intrinsically,  and  in  public 
estimation.  The  shares,  which  for  many  years  had  been  worth  81,000 
each,  were  now  sold  for  8700,  and  even  less.  No  one  appeared 
so  able  to  apply  the  remedy  as  Mr.  Jackson.  Familiar,  from  the  first, 
with  the  history  of  the  company,  of  which  he  had  always  been  a director, 
and  the  confidential  adviser  of  Mr.  Boott,  he  alone,  perhaps,  was  fully 
capable  of  supplying  that  gentleman’s  place.  He  was  solicited  to  accept 
the  office,  and  tempted  by  the  offer  of  a higher  salary  than  had,  perhaps, 
ever  been  paid  in  this  country.  He  assumed  the  trust;  and,  during  the 
seven  years  of  his  management,  the  proprietors  had  every  reason  to  con- 
gratulate themselves  upon  the  wisdom  of  their  choice.  The  property  was 
brought  into  the  best  condition ; extensive  and  lucrative  contracts  were 
made  and  executed ; the  annual  dividends  were  large  ; and  when  at  last 
it  was  thought  expedient  to  close  the  affairs  of  the  corporation,  the  stock- 
holders received  of  capital  nearly  81,600  a share. 

The  brilliant  issue  of  this  business  enhanced  Mr.  Jackson’s  previous 
reputation.  He  was  constantly  solicited  to  aid,  by  service  and  counsel, 
wherever  doubt  or  intricacy  existed.  No  great  public  enterprises  were 
brought  forward  till  they  had  received  the  sanction  of  his  opinion. 

During  the  last  few  years  of  his  life,  he  was  the  treasurer  and  agent  of 
the  Great  Falls  Manufacturing  Company  at  Somersworth  ; a corporation 
that  had  for  many  years  been  doing  an  unprofitable  business  at  a great 
expense  of  capital.  When  this  charge  was  offered  to  him,  he  visited  the 
spot,  and  became  convinced  that  it  had  great  capabilities,  but  that  every- 
thing, from  the  beginning,  had  been  done  wrong  : to  reform  it,  would 
require  an  outlay  nearly  equal  to  the  original  investment.  The  dam 
should  be  taken  down,  and  rebuilt ; one  mill,  injudiciously  located,  be  re- 
moved, and  a larger  one  erected  in  a better  spot ; the  machinery  entirely 
discarded,  and  replaced  by  some  of  a more  modern  and  perfect  construc- 
tion. Few  men  would  have  had  the  hardihood  to  propose  such  changes 
to  proprietors  discouraged  by  the  prestige  of  repeated  disappointments ; 
still  fewer,  the  influence  to  carry  his  measures  into  effect.  That  Mr. 
Jackson  did  this,  and  with  results  quite  satisfactory  to  the  proprietors  and 


14 


Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracy  Jackson . 


to  himself,  is  almost  a corollary  from  his  previous  history.  His  private 
fortune  had,  in  the  meanwhile,  been  restored  to  a point  that  relieved  him 
from  anxiety,  and  he  was  not  ambitious  of  increasing  it. 

For  some  time  after  he  assumed  the  duties  of  the  agency  at  Somers- 
worth,  the  labor  and  responsibility  attending  it  were  very  severe  ; yet 
he  seemed  to  his  friends  to  have  all  the  vigor  and  elasticity  of  middle  life. 
It  may  be,  however,  that  the  exertion  was  beyond  his  physical  strength  ; 
certainly,  after  a year  or  two,  he  began  to  exhibit  symptoms  of  a gradual 
prostration  ; and,  when  attacked  by  dysentery  in  the  summer  of  1H47,  his 
constitution  had  no  longer  the  power  of  resistance,  and  he  sank  under  the 
disease  on  the  12th  of  September,  at  his  sea-side  residence  at  Beverly. 

It  had  not  been  generally  known  in  Boston  that  he  was  unwell.  The 
news  of  his  death  was  received  as  a public  calamity.  The  expressions 
that  spontaneously  burst  forth  from  every  mouth,  were  a most  touching 
testimonial  to  his  virtues,  as  much  as  to  his  ability. 

Reviewing  the  career  of  Mr.  Jackson,  one  cannot  but  be  struck  with 
the  multifarious  and  complicated  nature  of  the  business  he  undertook,  the 
energy  and  promptness  of  his  resolution,  the  sagacity  and  patience  with 
which  he  mastered  details,  the  grasp  of  mind  that  reached  far  beyond  the 
exigencies  of  the  moment.  Yet  these  qualities,  however  pre-eminent, 
will  not  alone  account  for  his  uniform  success,  or  the  great  influence  he 
exercised.  He  had  endowments  morally,  as  well  as  intellectually,  of  a 
high  order.  The  loftiest  principles — not  merely  of  integrity,  but  of  honor, 
governed  him  in  every  transaction  ; and,  superadded  to  these,  was  a kind- 
liness of  feeling  that  led  him  to  ready  sympathy  with  all  who  approached 
him.  It  was  often  said  of  him,  that  while  no  one  made  a sharper  bargain 
than  he  did,  yet  no  one  put  so  liberal  a construction  upon  it,  when  made. 
His  sense  of  honor  was  so  nice,  that  a mere  misgiving  was  enough  to 
decide  him  against  his  own  interest.  With  his  extensive  business  and 
strength  of  character,  he  necessarily  had  collisions  with  many ; yet  he 
had  few  enemies,  and  to  such  as  felt  inimical  toward  him,  he  harbored  no 
resentment.  Prompt  in  the  expression  of  his  feelings,  he  was  equally  so  in 
the  forgiveness  of  injuries.  His  quick  sympathies  Jed  him  to  be  foremost 
in  all  works  of  public  spirit,  or  of  charity.  He  was  fearless  in  the  ex- 
pression of  his  opinions,  and  never  swerved  from  the  support  of  the  right 
and  the  true  from  any  considerations  of  policy  or  favor.  He  felt  it  to  be 
the  part  of  real  dignity  to  enlighten,  not  to  follow  the  general  opinion. 

In  private,  he  was  distinguished  by  a cheerfulness  and  benevolence 
that  beamed  upon  his  countenance,  and  seemed  to  invite  every  one  to  be 
happy  with  him.  His  position  enabled  him  to  indulge  his  love  of  doing 
good  by  providing  employment  for  many  meritorious  persons  ; and  this 
patronage,  once  extended,  was  never  capriciously  withdrawn. 

The  life  of  such  a man  is  a public  benefaction.  Were  it  only  to  point 
out  to  the  young  and  enterprising  that  the  way  to  success  is  by  the  path 
of  honor — not  half-way,  conventional  honor,  but  honor  enlightened  by 
religion,  and  guarded  by  conscience — were  it  only  for  this,  a truth  but 
imperfectly  appreciated  even  by  moralists,  the  memory  of  such  men  should 
be  hallowed  by  posterity. 


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